Our approach is an original, validated model that helps individuals navigate diverse cultural situations with more open-minded, intentional humanity. Here is some of the research that upholds it. 

Note: Although CITC has drawn from ideas from these texts and authors, we have no affiliation with them

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CITC-AUTHORED RESEARCH

• To Save Ourselves From Ourselves, We Must Be Culturally Intelligent

• Increasing Cultural Responsiveness Among University Faculty through Cultural Intelligence Training

• The Culturally Intelligent Enneagram

• COMING SOON! The Culturally Intelligent Leader: A Guide for the Curious from Curious People Press

 

CURIOSITY | OPENNESS

• Fernández-Aráoz, C., Roscoe, A. & Aramaki, K. (2018). From curious to competent.

• Gino, F. (2018). The business case for curiosity.

• Kashdan, T. B., et al. (2018). The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people. Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 130-149

• Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75-98.

 

EMPATHY | AWARENESS

• Boston University (n.d.). "Empathy Is The Most Important Leadership Skill According To Research." Diversity & Inclusion Resource Toolkit. 

• Castelli, P. A. (2013). "The impact of empathy on leadership effectiveness among business leaders in the United States and Malaysia." 

• CCL Research & Innovation Lab (n.d.). "Empathy in the Workplace A Tool for Effective Leadership." 

• Center for Creative Leadership (2024). "Empathy in the Workplace: A Tool for Effective Leadership." 

• Haydner, L., & Jäger, S. (2024). "Empathy in leadership: a systematic literature review on the effects of empathetic leaders in organizations." Management Review Quarterly. 

• Holt, S., & Marques, J. (2012). "Empathy in Leadership: Appropriate or Misplaced? An Empirical Study on a Topic That is Asking for Attention." Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 95-105. 

• Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2006). "Empathic emotion and leadership performance: An empirical analysis across 38 countries." The Leadership Quarterly.

• Kock, N., Mayfield, M., Mayfield, J., Sexton, S., & De La Garza, L. M. (2019). "Empathetic Leadership: How Leader Emotional Support and Understanding Influences Follower Performance." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1548051818806290

• Ortiz, R. M., Rodríguez-Acensio, J., & Gámez-Pérez, K. M. (2022). "Emotional intelligence, leadership, and work teams: A hybrid literature review." PMC. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543214/

• Rezanova, E. (2022). "Empathy in Leadership: How it Enhances Effectiveness." 80th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361952690_Empathy_in_Leadership_How_it_Enhances_Effectiveness

• Van Bommel, T. (2021). The power of empathy in times of crisis and beyond. Catalyst.

• Wiseman, T. (2007). Toward a holistic conceptualization of empathy for nursing practice. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(3), E61-E72.

• ​Young, C., Haffejee, B., & Corsun, D. (2018). Developing cultural intelligence and empathy through diversified mentoring relationships. Journal of Management Education, 42(3), 319-346.

 

COMPASSION | RESPONSIVENESS

• Cherry, K. (2023). Compassion vs. empathy: What's the difference? 

• Dutton, J. E., Workman, K. M., & Hardin, A. E. (2014). "Compassion at Work." Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 277-304.

• Frost, P. J. (2003). Toxic Emotions at Work: How Compassionate Managers Handle Pain and Conflict. Harvard Business School Press.

• Gilbert, P. (2009). The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life's Challenges. New Harbinger Publications.

• Greater Good Science Center (2022). What is compassion; Why practice compassion; Howto cultivate compassion

• Jinpa, T. (2015). A Fearless Heart: How the Courage to Be Compassionate Can Transform Our Lives. Hudson Street Press.

• Li, M., & Zhang, P. (2016). "The Impact of Compassionate Leadership on Employee Performance: A Meta-analytic Review." Leadership Quarterly, 27(5), 634-650.

• Seppälä, E. (2015). Why compassion is a better managerial tactic than toughness. Harvard
  Business Review.

• Tepper, B. J., & Taylor, E. C. (2020). "Compassion at Work: A Review and Framework for Future Research." Journal of Management, 46(6), 1448-1478.

• Worline, M. C., & Dutton, J. E. (2017). Awakening Compassion at Work: The Quiet Power That Elevates People and Organizations. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.​

 

NEUROSCIENCE & INTEGRATION

• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.

• Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.

• Davidson, R. J., & Begley, S. (2012). The Emotional Life of Your Brain: How Its Unique Patterns Affect the Way You Think, Feel, and Live - and How You Can Change Them. Hudson Street Press.

• ​Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9, 185–211.

• Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., & Peterson, S. J. (2011). "Leadership and Neuroscience: Can We Revolutionize the Way That Inspirational Leaders Are Identified and Developed?" Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(1), 60-74.

 

ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

• Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage.

• Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: Renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope and compassion. Harvard Business School Press.

• ​Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

• Day, D. V., & Antonakis, J. (2012). The nature of leadership. SAGE Publications.

• Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.

• Earley, P., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford Business Books.

• Gallo, A. (2023). What is psychological safety

• ​Hougaard, R., & Carter, J. (2018). The Mind of the Leader: How to Lead Yourself, Your People, and Your Organization for Extraordinary Results. Harvard Business Review Press.

• House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications.

• Schein, E. H., & Schein, P. A. (2017). Organizational Culture and Leadership (5th ed.). Wiley.

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